Effects of regular consumption of lupin kernel flour-enriched foods on risk factors for heart disease

To determine the effects of modest replacement of wheat-derived carbohydrate with protein and fibre derived from lupin kernel flour (LKF) on body weight, body fat, blood pressure and other cardiovascular disease risk factors Randomised, controlled, parallel-designed study of 4 months duration. Participants will be assigned to one of two groups where approximately 15% of total daily energy intake will be consumed from one of two different breads: 1.bread made from refined wheat flour – based on regular commercially available white bread; 2.bread where 40% of the wheat flour is replaced with LKF – based on regular commercially available white bread with increased protein and fibre from LKF. The bread (~4 to 6 slices per day, depending on usual energy intake) will be consumed throughout the day with main meals, for breakfast, lunch and dinner.This study is not designed to have participants consciously reduce energy intake and lose weight. The objective is to determine if the LKF-enriched bread can influence appetite and energy intake longer-term and ultimately influence body weight. Therefore, all diets will be ad libitum. However, because participants are overweight and as a group will have increased risk of cardiovascular disease, all participants will receive advice on lifestyle modification prior to randomization. The advice will be provided at a single 1-hour consultation with a dietitian prior to randomization. At the consultation, the dietitian will concentrate on the appropriate modifications for each individual, and provide printed educational material from the National Heart Foundation of Australia to refer to at home.Participants will attend the University of WA School of Medicine and Pharmacology at Royal Perth Hospital on a total of 3 occasions at baseline and 3 occasions at end of intervention to complete the above assessments. Each of these visits will last about 30 to 90 minutes. In addition, during the 4 month intervention, participants will attend the Department at fortnightly (2-week) intervals. At these visits progress will be monitored, body weight and body composition will be assessed using bioimpedence, and a fortnight’s bread will be suppled to participants.