The extent and rate of atropine sulfate absorption when administered under the tongue in humans

Exclusion Criteria24

• Healthy Participants:
• Known allergy to atropine
• Over the last 3 months found to have a serum bilirubin, albumin, or INR outside the normal range.
• Over the last 3 months found to have an eGFR less than 90mL/min/1.73m2
• Known to have or found upon screening to have high blood pressure ( more than 140/90), postural hypotension, angina, or cardiac arrhythmia.
• Known to have glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, prostatic hypertrophy, bladder obstruction, GI obstructive disease such as ileus, or other medical illness that may be seriously adversely affected by atropine, tachycardia secondary to cardiac insufficiency or thyrotoxicosis, fever, or pregnancy induced hypertension.
• Have dry mouth, hypersalivation or drooling.
• Treated with an anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, depolarising and non-depolarising muscle relaxants, or neuromuscular blocking agents.
• Treated with a medication that has an anticholinergic effects such as: olanzapine, quetiapine, chlorpromazine, hyoscine, benztropine, ipratropium bromide, oxybutynin, solifenacin, darifenacin, sedating antihistamines such as promethazine, benzhexol, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants. Inhalation medications with anticholinergic effect are exempted.
• Treated with a medication with a cholinergic effect such as Anticholinesterases used in the treatment of dementia such as donepezil.
• Clozapine treated participants:
• Known to have any of the following conditions:
• Known allergy to atropine
• Females during the menstrual period
• Over the last 3 months found to have a serum bilirubin, albumin, or INR outside the normal range.
• Over the last 3 months found to have an eGFR less than 90mL/min/1.73m2
• Known to have or found upon screening to have high blood pressure (more than 140/90), postural hypotension, angina, or cardiac arrhythmia.
• Known to have glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, prostatic hypertrophy, bladder obstruction, GI obstructive disease such as ileus, or other medical illness that may be seriously adversely affected by atropine, tachycardia secondary to cardiac insufficiency or thyrotoxicosis, fever, or pregnancy induced hypertension.
• Have severe constipation or diarrhoea.
• Have dry mouth, hypersalivation or drooling.
• Wearing dental braces
• Treated with an anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, depolarising and non-depolarising muscle relaxants, or neuromuscular blocking agents.
• Is treated with any medication other than clozapine that is known to have a significant anticholinergic effects such as: olanzapine, quetiapine, chlorpromazine, hyoscine, benztropine, ipratropium bromide, oxybutynin, solifenacin, darifenacin, sedating antihistamines such as promethazine, benzhexol, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants. Inhalation medications with anticholinergic effect are exempted.
• Treated with a medication with a cholinergic effect such as Anticholinesterases used in the treatment of dementia such as donepezil.