The Effects of Dietary Supplementation on Serum Protein Glycosylation

Exclusion Criteria30

• Adults younger than 18 or older than 45 years of age
• Women who are pregnant, actively nursing or have had a pregnancy within the last year
• Women who are peri-menopausal or post-menopausal
• Women with irregular menstrual cycles (more frequently than every 21 days or lasts longer than 8 days. Missed, early, or late periods are also considered signs of an irregular cycle)
• Women on hormonal contraception, including birth control, hormonal intrauterine device, or contraceptive implant
• Individuals with past medical history of an autoimmune condition or malignancy, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer
• Individuals with cardiovascular, pulmonary, reproductive, endocrine, metabolic, neurologic, gastrointestinal, hematologic, or infectious diseases of any type
• Individuals with diagnosis of galactosemia or congenital disorders of glycosylation
• Individuals with phenylketonuria
• Individuals currently taking prescription medications, or who have taken prescription medications within the last 3 months
• Individuals currently taking over-the-counter medications
• Individuals currently taking or who have taken supplements including herbal, protein or vitamin supplements in the last 3 months (e.g. whey protein, St. John's Wort, green tea supplements, biotin, creatine supplements), excluding multivitamins or essential vitamins
• Individuals with BMI less than 18.5 or greater than 25
• Individuals with prior history of severe food or drug allergic reactions
• Individuals with allergic reaction or adverse reaction to shellfish, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, Spirulina/chlorella/algae supplements, or arabinose containing compounds/foods/supplements
• Individuals with first-degree relative with history of an autoimmune condition
• Individuals with social history of current use of tobacco, alcohol or other drugs
• Actively dieting or trying to lose weight
• Vegan diet
• Consume equal to or greater than 2 cups of tea a day
• Consume equal to or greater than 4 cups of coffee a day
• Consume equal to or greater than 3 cups of fruit juice a day
• Practice intensive exercise patterns (marathon training, workouts >4 hours a day)
• Consume soda or energy drinks of any amount
• Consume fast food equal to or greater than 5 days per week
• Consume greater than one serving of alcohol per day
• (1 serving of wine = 6 oz, 1 serving of beer = 12 oz, 1 serving of spirits = 1 oz)
• On a carbohydrate-restricted or "Paleo" diet, or calorie-restricted diet (less than 20-25% of maintenance calories)
• Adults unable to consent
• Prisoners