Conditioned Open-label Placebos to Facilitate Opioid Reduction in Patients With Chronic Non-cancer Pain

In the intervention group, open-label placebos are administered within the framework of a mind-body management intervention approach, which in turn is consistent with the biopsychosocial model of pain and with a patient-centred approach. The verbal interaction follows the four discussion points: 1. Opioids work by telling the body that participants are not experiencing as much pain; 2. Placebos should be taken every time an opioid is taken which supports the reduction of opioid medication (shown by previous studies); 3. By pairing the pills together the brain will learn to release chemicals like endorphins that cause pain-relief in response to the placebo, just as it does in response to the opioid; 4. At a certain point, placebos might provide adequate pain relief, and the participants might need less opioids.

In the EM control group, the focus lies on the electronic monitoring (EM) of the opioid intake. The treatment rationale is designed to facilitate the reduction of opioid medication by promoting a positive attitude towards the implementation of the reduction. The verbal interaction follows the four discussion points: 1. The collection of EM data allows for greater patients' sense of agency over medication treatment; 2. Tracking of opioid medication use supports the reduction of opioid medication (shown by previous studies); 3. The EM is a useful tool, and daily recording of opioid medication intake should be done; 4. At a certain point, EM might provide adequate pain relief, and participants might need less opioids.