Mediating Role of Myokines in the Dialogue Between Muscle and Bone Tissue in a Population of Healthy Women Aged 20-89 Years

Exclusion Criteria45

• Fragility fracture defined as a spontaneous or low-kinetic fracture (≤ one fall from height).
• Early menopause (\< 40 years), hysterectomy (complete \< 40 years), primary amenorrhea (absence of menstruation before 15 years), current amenorrhea of more than 3 months without contraceptive if the patient is less than 40 years old.
• Patients on treatments: prolonged corticosteroid therapy \> 3 months or \> 1 g (cumulative dose).
• Immobilization of more than 3 months, less than 12 months old.
• Hip fracture in a first-degree relative.
• Patients with any of the following pathologies affecting bone, muscle or adipose tissue:
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) and untreated celiac disease.
• Renal insufficiency on dialysis or patients with nephrology follow-up.
• Known hypercalciuria.
• Osteomalacia, rickets, osteogenesis imperfecta.
• Osteopathy (Paget's disease, osteopetrosis, etc.).
• Chronic inflammatory rheumatism.
• Hemopathy, neoplasia.
• Hepatic insufficiency or chronic hepatitis.
• Endocrinopathy: diabetes, dysthyroidism, hypogonadism, hypercorticism, untreated acromegaly.
• Anorexia nervosa.
• Hyperparathyroidism (even controlled).
• History of digestive surgery (bariatric, gastrectomy, digestive resection other than appendectomy, etc.).
• History of organ transplantation.
• Chronic infectious disease (HIV, etc.).
• Weight loss of more than 10 kg within 6 months.
• Paresis, marked lameness or unloading of a limb, or prolonged immobilization of more than one month in the last 12 months.
• Patients on treatments that may affect bone mass or body composition:
• Biphosphonates (Alendronate (Fosamax® and generics), Risedronate (Actonel® and generics), Zoledronate (Aclasta® and generics).
• Teriparatide (Forsteo®).
• Denosumab (Prolia®)
• Selective estrogen receptor modulators (Clomifene, Tamoxifene, Toremifene, Raloxifene).
• Anabolic steroids.
• Strontium ranelate.
• Carbamazepine.
• Phenobarbital.
• Immunosuppressants.
• Patients on anti-epileptics.
• Patients with any of the following abnormalities in the measurement area:
• Major deformities of the wrist, hip or vertebrae.
• Compression of vertebral bodies, cementoplasty.
• Prosthesis, implant (breast, buttock, etc.), foreign body.
• Hip paraosteoarthropathy.
• Injection of radiological contrast medium, barium enema, nuclear medicine examination within 10 days.
• Intensive sport (more than 10 h/week).
• Extreme BMI (BMI \< 18, BMI \> 35 kg/m²).
• Loss of autonomy.
• People with neurodegenerative disorders affecting their ability to give consent.
• Pregnant, parturient or breast-feeding women.
• Participation in an interventional study involving a drug or medical device or a category 1 RIPH within 3 months prior to inclusion.