Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Dear Sir/Madam, We would like to invite you to participate in this clinical research, which has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. This informed consent form provides you with detailed information to help you decide whether or not to participate in this study. Please read it carefully, and ensure you fully understand it or get satisfactory answers to your questions before making your decision. If you have any questions, please feel free to consult the researchers, and we will provide you with comprehensive explanations. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has recently become a popular local treatment method for liver cancer. A large Phase III clinical study from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center demonstrated that in a randomized comparison of HAIC versus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for unresectable large hepatocellular carcinoma (≥7 cm), the objective response rate (ORR) for HAIC was 46%, while TACE had an ORR of only 18%, with a statistically significant difference between the two. Additionally, HAIC showed advantages over TACE in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), reducing the risk of disease progression by 43% and the risk of death by 42%. In subgroups based on age, sex, performance status, alpha-fetoprotein levels, tumor size, and number of tumors, HAIC consistently demonstrated superior PFS and OS. A study from Taiwan indicated that for patients with advanced liver cancer with portal vein tumor thrombus, the ORR for the HAIC group reached 22.86%, compared to 26.09% for those using immune checkpoint inhibitors alone, and an ORR of 50.00% for the group receiving HAIC combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. FOLFOX (fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) has shown positive results as a systemic treatment regimen for advanced liver cancer, with an ORR of 8.15%, a PFS of 2.93 months, and an OS of 6.47 months in comparative studies. When used as a treatment option in advanced liver cancer through hepatic artery infusion, its ORR increased to 31.5%, PFS to 7.8 months, and OS to 13.9 months. Common immune checkpoint inhibitors include PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies. PD-1 antibodies prevent immune evasion by blocking PD-1 on immune cells, while PD-L1 antibodies block PD-L1 on tumor cells to inhibit their interaction, thus preventing immune evasion. Therefore, PD-1 monoclonal antibodies primarily target immune cells, while PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies primarily target tumor cells. This leads us to attempt hepatic artery infusion of PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, utilizing a high-concentration saturation infusion method to maximally block PD-L1 on tumor cells and reduce tumor immune evasion. Concurrently, combining FOLFOX-HAIC localized chemotherapy leads to the release of tumor necrosis antigens, facilitating immune system activity. Thus, we aim to utilize hepatic artery infusion to deliver both PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies and chemotherapy into the liver, killing tumors with high concentrations of chemotherapy, which will lead to antigen release that aids subsequent immune drug effectiveness while reducing suppressive factors in the immune microenvironment, such as Tregs and M2 macrophages. This approach will help change the inhibitory status of the immune microenvironment and provide a foundation for subsequent immunotherapy. In BCLC staging, stage A patients and some stage B patients have resectable liver cancer. However, factors affecting tumor staging, such as maximum tumor diameter and tumor quantity, are also considered high-risk recurrence factors in clinical models. Therefore, later tumor staging itself is a high-risk factor for tumor recurrence. In 2009, Professor Mazzaferro and colleagues proposed the Up-to-Seven criteria (the sum of maximum tumor diameter and tumor number not exceeding 7). Patients who met this criteria and received liver transplantation had a five-year survival rate as high as 71%. Liver cancer patients exceeding the Up-to-Seven criteria are considered unsuitable candidates for liver transplantation, as exceeding this limit indicates a poor tumor biological behavior. Furthermore, the criteria align with the primary surgical treatment staging (CNLC Ia-IIa) recommended in the "Primary Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines (2024 Edition)" published by China's National Health Commission. Therefore, we plan to conduct a neoadjuvant study targeting resectable liver cancer exceeding the Up-to-Seven criteria, using hepatic artery chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor (PD-L1 monoclonal antibody) infusion as the treatment regimen.