Effects of TPR and Z Techniques on Pain and Drug Leakage in Intramuscular Injections
Effects of TPR Technique and Z Technique on Pain and Drug Leakage in Intramuscular Injections
Cumhuriyet University
76 participants
Jun 15, 2025
INTERVENTIONAL
Conditions
Summary
This randomized, triple-blind clinical trial compares the effectiveness of Z-track and TPR (traction-pressure-release) techniques in reducing pain and medication leakage during ventrogluteal intramuscular injections. Pain is measured using VAS, and leakage is assessed with a millimeter scale. The study aims to identify a more efficient, less painful injection method.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria4
- Aged 16-40
- Prescribed diclofenac sodium
- No communication impairments
- Healthy ventrogluteal muscles without sensory issues
Exclusion Criteria4
- Wounds, redness, bruising, tenderness, or stiffness at the injection site
- Injection in the past 2 weeks
- Neuropathy or other medical conditions
- BMI below 15 or above 35
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Interventions
Z-track method, the skin will be pulled laterally by 2.5-3.5 cm before needle insertion at a 90-degree angle. After aspiration and injection, the needle will be withdrawn and the skin released immediately.
TPR method, while the needle is inserted at a 90-degree angle, deep pressure will be applied to the muscle, then rapidly released to create a snapping motion that facilitates the injection. This technique relies on rapid muscle relaxation rather than needle movement by the dominant hand.
Locations(2)
View Full Details on ClinicalTrials.gov
For the most up-to-date information, visit the official listing.
NCT07004166