Individualized Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation in Opioid Use Disorder

Inclusion Criteria9

• Adults (all genders) 22 to 75 years old.
• Current diagnosis of severe primary opioid use disorder (OUD) (>= 6 on DSM-5 OUD criteria) (any form of opioid use).
• History of opioid use for more than 5 years.
• Participants are seeking treatment for their OUD.
• Participants have insight into their opioid use disorder (score > 26 on the recognition subscale of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES V.8))
• OUD is treatment refractory: unable to achieve sustained remission over the past 5 years, despite at least three treatment attempts (outpatient, residential, inpatient), with at least one treatment attempt involving taking a first-line medication for OUD (MOUD) such as buprenorphine, methadone, or extended-release naltrexone. Treatment failure is defined as continued opioid use or relapse during or after completion of treatment. Sustained remission is defined per DSM-5 as not meeting any OUD criteria except craving for > 12 months. Documented adherence: participants must have documented adherence to the failed first-line MOUD for at least 8 weeks (PMID: 29083570).
• Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study.
• Social support system and stable living arrangement to provide assurances that the subject will adhere to study requirements: family or friends who live with or near the subject, and can provide collateral information, monitor the subject's behavior, support, and encourage the subject to participate in follow-up visits and evaluations.
• For individuals of reproductive potential: use of highly effective contraception for at least 4 weeks prior to sEEG surgery and agreement to use such a method during study participation.