Longitudinal Natural History Study of Retinal Function in Eyes of Patients With Diabetes

Visual Acuity measured with the Electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (E-ETDRS) visual acuity test on a scale from 100 letters (Snellen equivalent of 20/10) to 0 letters (Snellen equivalent of \<20/800). Higher scores indicate better visual acuity, and lower scores indicate worse visual acuity

The MNREAD (Minnesota Low-Vision Reading) test is a standardized test that measures reading performance in people with normal or impaired vision.

The objectiveFIELD Analyzer is a perimetry tool that measures visual fields using electroencephalography-based brain responses to flickering light. Higher sensitivity = better function, Lower sensitivity (more negative deviations from normal) = worse function; Global indices (MD, PSD-like values) indicate overall field loss and pattern of damage.

A clinical device that utilizes the quick Contrast Sensitivity Function (qCSF) methodology to assess visual function. The qCSF method is a Bayesian adaptive algorithm designed to efficiently estimate a patient's contrast sensitivity across a wide range of spatial frequencies. Higher curve / higher AULCSF = better contrast sensitivity (normal vision). Lower curve / lower Area Under the Log Contrast Sensitivity Function = reduced contrast sensitivity (seen in early AMD, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, etc.).

The RETeval® is a portable, handheld electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) device. It enables clinicians to assess the retinal and optic nerve.

Ultrawide field color photography is a high-resolution, wide-angle retinal imaging technique that captures both central and peripheral retina in natural color. Grading is typically based on the Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale or DRSS, which is a standardized grading scale from 10 (no DR) to 85 (severe PDR)

a high-resolution, wide-angle retinal vascular imaging technique that allows clinicians to see both central and peripheral retina blood flow, detect ischemia, leakage, and neovascularization, and guide diagnosis and treatment

non-invasive retinal imaging tool that produces detailed cross-sectional images. Disease-specific grading systems (like macular thickness for DME or RNFL thickness for glaucoma) are used to quantify severity and monitor progression

non-invasive, dye-free imaging method that maps retinal and choroidal vasculature, allowing both qualitative and quantitative assessment of microvascular health. Quantitative metrics like vessel density, perfusion, FAZ size, and non-perfusion area serve as functional "scales" for disease severity and progression.