Effect of Preoperative Stellate Ganglion Block on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Exclusion Criteria11

• History of prior cardiac surgery or atrial fibrillation ablation;
• Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG);
• Concomitant cardiac procedures (e.g., congenital heart disease repair, left ventricular reconstruction, valve surgery, or aortic surgery);
• Critical preoperative status requiring mechanical or pharmacological support before CABG;
• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \<35%;
• History of atrial fibrillation (defined as a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular atrial electrical activity);
• Significant mitral valve disease (mitral valve area \<1.5 cm² or regurgitant jet area \<4 cm²), significant aortic valve disease (valve area \<1.5 cm² or regurgitant jet-to-left ventricular outflow tract ratio \>25%);
• Severe left atrial enlargement (left atrial anteroposterior diameter \>55 mm);
• Poorly controlled hyperthyroidism;
• Conditions requiring radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or long-term hormonal therapy;
• Patients with known clinical contraindications to stellate ganglion block (SGB).