Latissimus Dorsi Activation During Shoulder Extension Exercises

Standing with the shoulder in \~30° abduction and external rotation and the elbow extended, participants elevate the arm to three preset flexion angles (30°,60°, 90°, 120°; measured by goniometer) and then perform shoulder extension past the trunk against color-coded elastic bands. Bands are anchored overhead and pulled diagonally downward; the band angle is adjusted to match each shoulder-flexion condition. Tempo is metronome-paced: 3 s concentric, 3 s isometric (at peak), 3 s eccentric. Resistance is individualized using the OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale and titrated until 6-8/10 is reached prior to data capture. Each condition is recorded for 3 repetitions with \~5 s between reps; \~2 min rest is provided between conditions. A brief familiarization (\~3 min per condition) is given, and the order of MVICs and exercise conditions is randomized.