Palpatory and Ultrasonographic Assessment of Tissue Compressibility: Validation and Learning Effects in Phantom Models

This validation study compares clinical palpation and ultrasonographic measurements of tissue compressibility using standardized phantom models. Operators with different levels of clinical and ultrasound experience perform repeated, blinded assessments across multiple sessions. The study evaluates accuracy, reliability, agreement between modalities, and learning effects over time, aiming to support standardized and more objective assessment of tissue compressibility in clinical practice.