PACE Study: School-Based Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions for Children

The mindfulness intervention is a six-session, school-based program that aims to promote emotional awareness, body awareness, attentional regulation, and basic self-regulation skills through age-appropriate metaphors, experiential activities, and brief mindfulness-based practices. Sessions include storytelling, movement games, sensory exploration, breathing exercises, and short grounding activities. Key topics include understanding body-emotion connections, recognizing bodily sensations, observing thoughts, and training attention through breathing and sensory awareness. At the end of each session, children reflect on what they learned through drawing or group discussion, and the main themes of the program are visually summarized in a classroom poster that tracks the progression of the five sessions.

The SEL intervention consists of six classroom-based modules aimed at promoting emotional competence and social skills in primary school children. Modules address: (1) program presentation and personal goal setting; (2) recognition and understanding of basic emotions and their behavioral, cognitive, and physiological components; (3) emotional self-regulation strategies such as calming self-talk and positive distraction; (4) empathy and perspective-taking; (5) structured problem-solving for everyday conflicts; and (6) recognition of personal and peer strengths.

The Compassion-focused Training consists of six classroom-based modules aimed at developing compassion, emotional awareness, and self-regulation in primary school children. Modules address: (1) introduction to compassion and its three flows (toward self, toward others, and receiving compassion); (2) understanding the "tricky brain" and the role of thoughts and emotions; (3) learning the three emotional systems (threat, drive, and soothing); (4) cultivating feelings of safety through compassionate imagery and sensory awareness; (5) exploring different parts of the self and developing the compassionate self; and (6) understanding and responding to self-criticism with compassion through reflective and creative activities.