Randomized Controlled Trial of Multi-Patient CT-Derived Digital Twin Anatomical Variability Training to Shorten the Clinical Learning Curve for Bronchoscopy

Participants assigned to this intervention receive bronchoscopy simulation training using multiple patient-specific CT-derived digital twin airway models representing diverse bronchial anatomical patterns and variations. The training is designed to expose novice bronchoscopists to realistic inter-patient anatomical variability, with standardized instructor feedback, repeated navigation practice, and progressive procedural tasks aimed at improving adaptability, airway recognition, navigation efficiency, and early clinical bronchoscopy performance.

Participants assigned to the control intervention receive bronchoscopy simulation training using a conventional anatomically uniform standard airway model without substantial anatomical variation between cases. Training duration, instructor supervision, and procedural objectives are standardized to match the intervention group, focusing on basic bronchoscopy handling, airway navigation, and procedural technique within a fixed and repetitive anatomical environment