The effect of low dose intravenous premedication (co-induction) on cardiac output and induction of anaesthesia

There is good evidence of a true synergy between midazolam and propofol induction and data suggests that pre-dosing with propofol also reduces induction requirements. However, there has been no measure of the actual cardiac output changes in any human studies apart from that of Adachi et al. We plan to explore the relationship between cardiac output and induction doses of propofol in more detail and, in particular, to explore the effect of co-induction agents on cardiac output and to further evaluate cardiac output changes around induction of anaesthesia.