Effects of a Package of Evidence-based Interventions and Implementation Strategies Based on WHO PEN for People Living With HIV and Cardio-metabolic Conditions in Lusaka, Zambia

Inclusion Criteria36

• Objective 1:
• Cross-sectional patient surveys (n=5100): all HIV-infected adults aged 18 years and older who seek HIV services at the study sites.
• Following the baseline survey, investigators will exclude anyone who previously participated in a study survey. Investigators will also exclude people who present for one time services or who plan to transfer their HIV care to another site. Finally, people unwilling or unable to provide written informed consent will be excluded.
• For the nested cohort, inclusion (n=320) participants will need to have been enrolled in a study survey and have evidence of one or more of the following cardio-metabolic conditions or risk factors at the time of the survey:
• Any current tobacco use (any tobacco use within 30 days of the survey, whether daily or non-daily use);
• Hypertension as defined by WHO PEN/ HEARTS (i.e., systolic blood pressure (SBP) =140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) =90 mmHg);
• Diabetes mellitus as defined by WHO PEN/ HEARTS (i.e., random plasma glucose = 11.1 mmol/L, fasting plasma glucose = 7 mmol/L, and/or hemoglobin A1c = 48 mmol/mol or =6.5%; and/or compatible clinical diagnosis);
• Prediabetes (defined as having impaired fasting glucose of 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L and/or haemoglobin A1c 42 to 48 mmol/mol or between 6.0-6.4%); and/or
• Dyslipidaemia (defined as total cholesterol =5.2 mmol/L or low-density lipoprotein =3.4 mmol/L).
• Investigators will exclude adults who have no documented evidence of HIV infection, or who do not have a cardio-metabolic NCD or risk factor of interest. Investigators will also exclude people who did not participate in a patient survey, plan to transfer their HIV care to another site, or are unwilling/ unable to provide written informed consent.
• In-depth interview (IDI) participants must be
• HIV-positive adults
• =18 years of age
• survey and/or cohort participants and
• had received HIV and/or NCD services at a TASKPEN study site.
• Focus group discussion (FGD) participants must be:
• =18 years of age;
• a non-physician health care worker (NPHW) or community health worker (CHW)/ lay health provider involved with TASKPEN or integrated HIV/NCD service delivery; and
• generally familiar with HIV and/or NCD service delivery at their facility.
• Key informant interview (KII) participants must be:
• =18 years of age;
• a facility-level ART, DSD, out-patient department (OPD), or relevant clinic leader/ manager/ in-charge, or policy maker at district, provincial, or national level in Zambia; and
• generally familiar with HIV and/or NCD-related issues in their community.
• Implementation questionnaire participants must be:
• HIV-positive adults
• =18 years of age
• who had exposure to the TASKPEN intervention at a study site OR
• =18 years of age,
• a facility-level healthcare provider or manager at district, provincial, or national level in Zambia, and
• familiar with the TASKPEN intervention.
• Costing study participants must be:
• HIV-positive adults
• =18 years of age
• who had received HIV and/or NCD services at a TASKPEN study site OR
• =18 years of age and
• a facility-level healthcare provider or manager at facility, district, provincial, or national level in Zambia, and generally familiar with HIV and/or NCD-related issues.