IASTM and Vibration Effects on Pain, Functionality, and Kinesiophobia in Lumbar Disc Herniation

The exercise program will be performed at home twice daily for a period of four weeks. Participants will begin with 10 repetitions, and the number of repetitions will be individualized based on each person's clinical condition. They will be advised to discontinue any exercises that cause pain. An illustrated exercise brochure will be provided, and weekly follow-up will be conducted through phone calls to ensure adherence. At the start of the program, participants will be instructed to lie supine on a flat surface, bend their knees, and place approximately 30 cm of support (such as two pillows) under their lower legs to achieve a relaxation position, holding it for 30 seconds. The exercise program will include hip flexor and lumbar extensor stretching, hamstring stretching, bridge exercises, erector spinae strengthening in the prone "superman" position, quadruped alternating arm-leg lifts, and cat-camel exercises.

Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization will be administered twice a week for a total of eight sessions. The treatment will be performed using stainless steel tools of various sizes specifically designed for different anatomical regions. The intervention will target the iliocostalis lumborum, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum muscles, as well as both the superficial and deep fascia. Before beginning the procedure, a thin layer of petroleum jelly will be applied to the skin to ensure smooth gliding of the instrument. During the treatment, instrument-assisted mobilization will be applied over the muscle fibers using the sweep, fan, brush, and sweep techniques, with each technique performed for 8-10 repetitions. The total duration of the application will be six minutes.

Vibration massage therapy will be administered twice per week for a total of eight sessions. After positioning the participant in the prone position, the treatment session will begin. The vibration massage will be delivered using the Theragun™ device equipped with the No. 2 standard ball attachment, operating at a frequency of 1750 percussions per minute. The device will be held perpendicular to the muscle throughout the application, and no additional pressure other than the weight of the device itself-will be applied. Continuous contact between the massage gun and the skin will be maintained to ensure consistent pressure. The intervention will target the erector spinae and lumbar paravertebral muscles. A total of 10 minutes of percussion massage will be applied to the lateral portions of the lower back, with 5 minutes administered to each side. During the treatment, the device will be guided in a straight path from the distal toward the proximal region within approximately 30 seconds.