Time to Loss of Consciousness With Remimazolam Versus Propofol for Anesthetic Induction in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Lyophilized powder reconstituted for intravenous injection. Administered via an electronic infusion pump at a fixed continuous induction rate of 6 mg/kg/h until clinical benchmarks are achieved. Maintenance is sustained at a baseline continuous infusion rate of 1 mg/kg/h. To ensure a strictly standardized anesthetic baseline, all patients receive a uniform, weight-based co-administration of intravenous fentanyl and a neuromuscular blocking agent at induction, followed by a continuous intraoperative analgesic infusion of remifentanil via target-controlled infusion (TCI) guided by the Minto model (effect-site targeting). Maintenance remimazolam doses are precisely titrated based on real-time bispectral index (BIS) values to target a depth of anesthesia between 40 and 60.

Intravenous 1% lipid emulsion formulation of propofol. Administered via an automated target-controlled infusion (TCI) system programmed with the Marsh pharmacokinetic model. Induction is initiated at a fixed effect-site target concentration of 4 mcg/mL. To ensure a strictly standardized anesthetic baseline, all patients receive a uniform, weight-based co-administration of intravenous fentanyl and a neuromuscular blocking agent at induction, followed by a continuous intraoperative analgesic infusion of remifentanil via target-controlled infusion (TCI) guided by the Minto model (effect-site targeting). Maintenance propofol infusion rates are dynamically adjusted to maintain an objective bispectral index (BIS) within the 40-60 range.