Perioperative Analgesia Modes in Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy

Exclusion Criteria10

• Has a history of cholecystitis or urolithiasis within 3 months;
• Has a history of atherothrombosis (peripheral arterial disease), stroke, myocardial infarction;
• With lung diseases, such as pneumonia, atelectasis, emphysema, pulmonary bullae, etc;
• Preoperative cardiac function grade ≥ III or coronary artery stenosis;
• Preoperative indwelling of a thoracic drainage tube;
• Long-term heavy drinker(heavy drinking was defined as follows: for men, consuming more than 4 drinks on any day or more than 14 drinks per week; For women, consuming more than 3 drinks on any day or more than 7 drinks per week);
• Opioid-tolerant patients(defined as those who have been taking, for a week or longer, at least 60 mg of morphine daily, or at least 30 mg of oral oxycodone daily, or at least 8 mg of oral hydromorphone daily or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid);
• With painful skin complications, such as rashes and blisters;
• Conversion to open surgery;
• The postoperative ventilation function was limited, or the duration of endotracheal intubation was more than 24h.