Clinical Performance of Urine HPV Testing in Males

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most prevalent viral infections of the genital tract, primarily transmitted through sexual contact. Research indicates that individuals engaging in sexual activity have a lifetime probability of HPV infection as high as 85% to 90%. While extensive and in-depth investigations have been conducted on HPV infection in women, epidemiological studies focusing on male HPV infection remain relatively scarce. Many men with HPV are asymptomatic; reports suggest that approximately 10.5% of men in China are infected with HPV, yet only about 1% exhibit related symptoms. This substantial population of asymptomatic and unaware patients poses significant challenges for the prevention and control efforts regarding HPV in China. Furthermore, evidence suggests an association between HPV infection and conditions such as condyloma acuminatum, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), penile cancer (PA), and even infertility among male patients. In current clinical practice, detection of HPV typically involves collecting exfoliated cells from the external genitalia via swabs. The discomfort associated with this sampling method and its procedural complexity often deter many asymptomatic men from undergoing penile swab testing for HPV, resulting in low compliance rates. Self-sampling urine tests offer advantages including convenience, ease of use, painlessness, and non-invasiveness; thus they may serve as a viable alternative approach. In prior research endeavors, we successfully established a detection system utilizing female urine samples for identifying HPV presence. Consequently, this study aims to further refine this detection system to develop a stable and reliable methodology for detecting HPV using self-collected urine samples from males. Through this investigation not only do we seek to validate the feasibility of employing self-collected urine samples for detecting male HPV infections but also assess the accuracy and practicality of home-based self-testing methods among subjects-ultimately providing novel strategies for male-specific HPV detection