CPAP vs MAD for OSA in Patients With Cognitive Impairment. A Randomized Clinical Trial
Cognition Recovery in Sleep Apnea Patients With Cardiovascular Risk by Evaluating Nasal CPAP Versus Dental Oral Appliance
National University Hospital, Singapore
260 participants
Jan 1, 2026
INTERVENTIONAL
Conditions
Summary
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition that significantly impacts the sleep health and overall well-being of millions of adults worldwide. It is characterized by breathing difficulties during sleep caused by an obstructed upper airway, leading to fragmented sleep, oxygen deprivation, and increased sympathetic activity. OSA and its associated health problems contribute to an annual economic burden exceeding $150 billion in the United States. Studies have shown that individuals with OSA are 26% more likely to develop cognitive impairment compared to those without the condition. However, despite the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, many patients struggle with acceptance and adherence to this treatment. As an alternative, mandibular advancement devices (MADs) have gained acceptance among OSA patients by improving upper airway anatomy through repositioning of the jaw and tongue, thus reducing collapsibility. This non-invasive approach shows promise, particularly in addressing the unique craniofacial features commonly found in East Asian OSA patients. To further investigate the efficacy of MAD versus CPAP therapy, a multi-center, randomized clinical trial is proposed. The trial aims to evaluate cognitive function using established assessment tools and explore the relationship between different Asian ethnicities and changes in cognitive function, ambulatory blood pressure, and cerebral oxygen saturation. Additionally, brain MRI will be utilized to examine whether baseline brain structure and function can predict treatment response in OSA patients. Participants diagnosed with moderate-to-severe OSA will be randomly assigned to either the MAD or CPAP group in a 1:1 ratio. Baseline assessments, along with six-month and one-year follow-ups, will be conducted to assess the impact of the interventions. This trial seeks to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of MAD versus CPAP therapy in Asian populations, specifically focusing on their effects on cognitive function and other relevant outcomes in individuals with OSA.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria1
- Age of at least 45 Chinese, Malay, Indian Referred to the sleep clinics of the CRESCENDO participating centers for suspected OSA, underwent a clinically indicated level 1 polysomnography, and diagnosed to have moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15 events/hour) Mild cognitive impairment: MoCA score <27 (for those with >10 years of education) and <26 (for those with ≤10 years of education) Agree to follow the study protocol
Exclusion Criteria1
- Known OSA and already on regular treatment Severe cognitive impairment (MoCA <10) Severe hypoxemia on polysomnography ODI >60 or min SpO2 <60% Known schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, drug abuse or alcohol abuse Contraindications to MAD: less than six teeth in each arch; inability to advance the mandible and open the jaw widely. Pre-existing temporomandibular joint problems, severe bruxism, and advanced periodontal disease Limited life expectancy (< one year) Cardiac or cerebrovascular events leading to hospitalization in the past three months Complex cardiovascular diseases: cyanotic congenital heart disease, moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension On regular medications that could affect the neurocognitive function and/or alertness
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Interventions
Mandibular Advancement Device. It is a custom-fitted oral appliance used primarily to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring. The device works by gently advancing the lower jaw (mandible) forward, which helps keep the airway open during sleep by preventing the tongue and soft tissues from collapsing and blocking the airway. MADs are a non-invasive alternative to CPAP therapy and are especially suitable for patients with mild to moderate OSA or those who are intolerant to CPAP
CPAP stands for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. It is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A CPAP machine delivers a constant stream of air through a mask worn over the nose or nose and mouth during sleep. This air pressure keeps the airway open, preventing pauses in breathing caused by airway collapse. CPAP is highly effective, especially for moderate to severe OSA, but some patients may find it uncomfortable or difficult to tolerate.
Locations(1)
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NCT06983769