Diagnostic Performance of an AI-based Model for TCM Constitution Classification Using Ophthalmic Imaging

Inclusion Criteria11

• Age: Participants aged between 18 and 60 years;
• Chronic Systemic Diseases: Defined according to the standards of the United States National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the "Healthy China 2030" planning outline issued by the State Council. These are characterized as conditions lasting one year or longer that require continuous medical care, limit daily activities, or both. The four major chronic diseases in China include:Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,Malignant neoplasms,Diabetes mellitus and Chronic respiratory diseases;
• Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases: This category includes:Hypertension: Stable hypertension without acute episodes, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or currently undergoing antihypertensive treatment.Coronary Heart Disease: Diagnosed based on a history of coronary heart disease or confirmed through imaging evidence such as coronary angiography or CT angiography.
• Heart Failure: Classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-IV with a left ventricular ejection fraction \<40%.Stroke: Diagnosed based on a history of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or confirmed through imaging evidence such as MRI or CT scans;
• Malignant Neoplasms: Participants with newly diagnosed, recurrent, metastatic malignant tumors, or those currently receiving specific treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy), confirmed by histological or cytological examinations;
• Diabetes Mellitus: Participants meeting at least one of the following criteria:
• Fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL),2-hour post-oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL),Hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%,Random blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) accompanied by typical symptoms (e.g., polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss);
• Chronic Respiratory Diseases: This category includes:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC \<0.70 and FEV₁ \<80% of the predicted value, accompanied by at least one clinical symptom such as chronic cough, sputum production, or dyspnea.Asthma: Reversible airflow limitation, defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV₁ increase of ≥12% and ≥200 ml, accompanied by at least one clinical symptom such as recurrent wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, or cough;
• Healthy Subjects: Individuals who have not experienced any systemic diseases within the past year that require continuous medical care, limit daily activities, or both;
• Clear Diagnosis Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine: Participants must have a definitive diagnosis established through both Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine methodologies;
• Absence of Other Ocular or Systemic Organic Diseases: Participants should have no other ocular diseases and/or systemic organic lesions that significantly affect the acquisition of ocular imaging.