Cognitive-motor Technology Rehabilitation in Frail Individuals

Dual performance, which involves the simultaneous execution of motor and cognitive tasks, is a fundamental aspect of everyday functioning. In the elderly population, for example, the ability to manage dual tasks can be significantly impaired, resulting in an increased risk of falls and further cognitive decline. The ability to perform two tasks simultaneously (one motor and one cognitive) is often impaired in patients with chronic sensorimotor and/or cognitive disabilities, with repercussions on both physical and cognitive abilities. Patients with chronic sensorimotor and/or cognitive disabilities consistently show greater deficits in dual performance than healthy individuals, with repercussions on both motor and cognitive functioning. These deficits are influenced by psychological, neural, and disease-specific factors, but targeted interventions and dual-task training can help improve outcomes. Some authors have pointed out that dual-task training can improve attention, functional mobility, and overall cognitive function more effectively than single-task training. One of the main advantages of dual-task training is the reduction of the risk of falls in the elderly population and in chronic patients with sensorimotor disorders: dual-task training has been shown to improve dynamic balance and stability, even during walking, and cognitive function. Telerehabilitation is a branch of telemedicine that uses different types of technology to provide remote rehabilitation services. Telerehabilitation, like telemedicine, can be delivered through three distinct mechanisms: synchronous mode, in which the patient and physician communicate in real time using technological tools; remote monitoring mode, in which the patient's condition is monitored remotely; and asynchronous mode, in which there is no simultaneous communication between the parties involved. This approach has proven particularly effective during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, minimizing risks and improving clinical outcomes. In addition, it has proven to be a safe way to monitor clinical parameters, with the possibility of personalized and timely intervention for patients with chronic conditions, leading to improved patient condition and quality of life, while also helping to reduce costs for both the patient and the healthcare system. Asynchronous telemedicine and/or telerehabilitation activities, in which the patient and operator are not online at the same time, also enable patients living in remote areas with limited or unreliable connectivity to receive convenient, flexible, and accessible healthcare services.